The United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) said on Monday that Haitian authorities (the Direction de la Protection Civile – DPC) issued a red alert warning on November 3 in anticipation of the tropical depression ‘Tomas’.
A MINUSTAH statement said: ‘The Haitian authorities have mobilised emergency operations centres and have also activated a national-level operations centre ahead of the arrival of the storm.’
It added: ‘The MINUSTAH militaries helped evacuate 2,562 people towards provisional shelters. . .
‘Community mobilisers have sensitised 12,589 households today and 120,000 text messages were sent to camp residents.’
A UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) situation update last Friday said: ‘Two deaths and two people missing have been reported due to Hurricane Tomas.
‘The DPC estimates 10,000 people have voluntarily evacuated their shelters since November 4.
‘In upper Artibonite, heavy rains since 17.30 (5.30pm) are accumulating, causing flooding in areas in and around Gonaives with 25 to 35 centimetres of standing water reported by MINUSTAH.
‘The South and Centre departments of Haiti are not impacted by the hurricane anymore while the North-West of Haiti continues to be affected until night hours.
‘Hospitals in Léogane and Les Cayes, as well as Saint Louis Hospital in Delmas (Port au Prince), have been evacuated.
‘There are approximately 120,832 tarps and 4,268 tents in the country to provide assistance to over 300,000 individuals. Over 60 per cent of the shelter needs can be covered with available in country stocks. Assessments are ongoing.’
Meanwhile, news agency IRIN said: ‘A colourful cholera prevention poster in Haiti has images of smiling people getting water from a tap, a man using a sturdy latrine and people walking a sick boy to a health centre.
‘But these vital tools for fighting the infectious bacterial disease – which by November 3 had killed at least 442 people in Haiti and infected more than 6,742 – are absent in most communities, such as the village of Deslandes in the Petite Rivière d’Artibonite District.
‘Here, there is one well for 600 people that rarely functions, the village has no toilets and reaching the nearest health centre requires crossing a river.
‘Most people use the River Artibonite, thought to be the source of the epidemic, as their primary source of drinking, bathing and laundry water.
‘It has been decades since Haiti last saw cholera, but with the country’s abysmal water and sanitation conditions diarrhoeal disease is common.’
‘The lack of water and sanitation infrastructure in Haiti made it very difficult to imagine we would not have a major diarrhoea outbreak as a consequence of the earthquake,’ said Joia Mukherjee, chief medical officer with Partners in Health (PIH), a Boston-based NGO which has worked in Haiti for over 20 years.
Haiti is one of the few countries in the world where sanitation coverage for urban dwellers decreased between 1990 and 2006, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organisation.
Rural areas like Deslandes are badly off as well. Open defecation is the rule – a practice that is all the more dangerous when cholera is present.
Less than 40 per cent of Haitians have access to toilets, according to UNICEF-Haiti.
‘When people get sick they relieve themselves in the woods like all of us,’ Deslandes resident Ovid Floville, 50, told IRIN. ‘(Once they are too weak) and cannot stand any more, they stay at home and their whole body gets covered in diarrhoea.’
He said people scrub their homes with river water. NGOs have brought bleach and other supplies to nearby villages but Deslandes is isolated and access difficult, noted local pastor Solomon Tomas.
‘People talk a lot about prevention,’ PIH’s Mukherjee said. ‘But you have prevention (messages) against a backdrop of extreme privation. It is tough for people to avail themselves of the tools to prevent infection.’
Still, even in the absence of a sound water and sanitation system, some interim measures make a significant difference, she said.
‘There are things you can do in the absence of proper infrastructure, for example, handing out soap, handing out water purification tablets. It does not completely prevent the problem but it is still worth doing these things.’
If prevention is difficult in places like Deslandes, so is treatment. While some 80 per cent of cholera cases can be successfully treated with oral rehydration salts, if they are not on hand one must get to a health post.
‘There is a health centre in La Chapelle but it can’t deal with the number of people who are sick,’ the local pastor said. ‘It can take two or three hours to get to the hospital.’
When Smith Lorine, 47, came down with vomiting and diarrhoea, family and friends worried, having seen many Deslandes residents with similar symptoms dying in the days before.
It was midnight and Lorine and his son first had to wake the man who transports people across the river. After the canoe journey, Lorine, still vomiting, got a ride on a motorcycle to the hospital in the nearest city, Mirebalais.
After treatment Lorine was sent home from hospital with two gallons of purified water.
When he runs out he plans to go back for more. If the hospital stops giving out water, the small-scale farmer is committed to finding it himself.
In cholera-endemic areas, such as in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, people can be carriers and not fall ill, Mukherjee said.
‘Here in Haiti (where diarrhoeal disease is common), you’re adding a new strain amid an already weak – I won’t even say “system” – a complete lack of infrastructure.’
PIH and three other institutions in 2008 published a report about the widespread lack of access to clean water in Haiti.
This lack, the report said, ‘ranks as one of Haiti’s most significant obstacles when it comes to meeting basic human rights standards.
‘Historical legacies of inequality, disempowered or corrupt governance, and persistent levels of extreme poverty, have all contributed to the Haitian government’s systemic inability to deliver clean water to its people.’
Mukherjee said developing a water and sanitation system must be the job of government.
Since the January 2010 earthquake, PIH has been wary about how little funding the government has received, she said.
‘The infrastructure cannot be done by an NGO. It’s important to assist the government in getting some of the resources coming in, that’s critical.’
